After winning independence, what is now the state of Morelos was the district of Cuernavaca as part of the very large State of Mexico, created in The entity would change status between state and department depending on whether liberal or conservative factions were in charge.
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Under the Constitution of , the State of Mexico and all other states would keep their federal status permanently. Cuernavaca gained the title of city in Armed rebellion broke out in Cuautla, and Santa Anna responded by burning entire villages. Alvarez moved the Mexican capital to Cuernavaca. A new constitutional convention was called and when the Constitution was proclaimed, Alvarez retired and the capital moved back to Mexico City. The new constitution did not stop fighting among conservative and liberal factions in Mexico, which escalated again into the Reform War from to Ignacio Manuel Altamirano wrote a novel, set in Yautepec, about the war and the bandits, called El Zarco: Episodios de la Vida Mexicana en — The division between the liberal and conservative parts of the state remained through the French Intervention in Mexico.
Despite the heroic efforts on that day, the French eventually managed to gain control of the country and install Maximilian of Habsburg as emperor in France, under Napoleon III , withdrew its troops soon after that, and Maximilian was defeated by Republican forces and executed. This resulted in the creation of the state of Morelos on 21 September by the federal Congress.
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The first state constitution was finalized in , and Francisco Leyva Arciniegas became the first Constitutional Governor of Morelos. There were boundary disputes between the new state with Mexico State and the Federal District, but these were resolved by the s. A telegraph line from Mexico City to Cuernavaca had been laid between and ; in it was extended to Iguala , Chilpancingo , and Tixla. Another line, between Cuernavaca and Cuautla, was laid in Attempts were made to improve education, but limited funds made that virtually impossible.
During the long presidency of Porfirio Diaz — , the economy of Morelos continued to be dominated by the large sugar plantations. The sugar cane estates were modernized and began to use steam-driven mills and centrifugal extractors. These changes created a great new demand for the water and land resources needed to grow sugar cane. As a result, the haciendas expanded steadily, but only at the expense of the peasants, who were unfairly deprived of their land by the hacienda owners. This situation would make the state ripe for the Mexican Revolution and the base for one of the best-known revolutionaries from this period, Emiliano Zapata , who was born in Anenecuilco , Ciudad Ayala.
Zapata felt betrayed by Francisco Madero , and following Madero's election as president on November 6, , Zapata and his followers called for agrarian reform in the Plan de Ayala. Madero was assassinated; Victoriano Huerta took over the government, but he was soon put on the run.
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In May , Zapata, with a force of 3, men, took control of the southern Jojutla district. By this time, Cuernavaca was the only important town in Morelos that the Federal forces held onto. Huerta was defeated, and was fairly peaceful in Morelos. However, by December , Zapata was forced to fight a new enemy— Venustiano Carranza. Carranza embarked upon an offensive that retook significant parts of the state of Morelos. By the spring of , Zapata was forced to abandon several of his strongholds.
The biggest loss came on May 2, , when Zapata lost Cuernavaca to enemy forces, which now numbered some 30, troops. As Zapata continued to lose ground, his forces were forced to return to the guerilla warfare that they had waged a few years earlier. They retook Cuernavaca in January, , [54] but he generally lost ground to the Constitutionalists. While the Catholic Church generally opposed the Mexican Revolution [56] , many former Zapatistas joined the rebellion in Morelos. They were quickly put down by Governor Ambrosia Punte in Since the Revolution, the state's history has centered on development and crime.
There were several assaults along the Mexico City-Cuernavaca highway in and again in There was a train robbery in , and several major train accidents in the s. Striking police went of a crime wave in The municipal president of Jiutepec was assassinated on May 26, In , three government officials in Cuernavaca were fired because of embezzlement. As for development, Morelos adopted a new Constitution on November 20, Highway construction eventually led to the closing of a number of rail lines including the Mexico City-Cuernavaca-Iguala line in Datsun began manufacturing automobiles in Jiutepec in There were two major disasters in An earthquake in Cuernavaca in May killed 22, injured dozens, and destroyed two buildings.
As it has been since Aztec times, the state, especially Cuernavaca, has been a favorite retreat for those in Mexico City due to its warm year-round climate.
That, plus pollution and the September 19, Mexico City earthquake has spurred a major housing boom which continues to this day. Most of this boom is centered on the city of Cuernavaca but also Cuautla and other places. In the late s and early s, the major crime problem was kidnapping for ransom. The state broke the kidnapping rings in the early s, mostly by arresting corrupt lawyers, police and judges who were protecting kidnapping rings, includes one run by Daniel "Mocha Orejas" Arizmendi, who received his nickname by cutting off his victims' ears and sending them to family members.
The busts brought the kidnapping rate to below national average. The kidnapping problems, however, have been replaced with violence related to the drug trade, despite the fact that Morelos is far from the U.
Anonymous email threats succeed in keeping people away from Cuernavaca at night, with bars and nightclubs closing when such communications threaten drug violence. The state is considered to be one of the most dangerous, despite its small size and population. Most crime is centered in Cuernavaca. Its crime rate surpasses that of Mexico City in terms of crimes per 1, people.
There are a number of possible causes. Some blame the judicial system for being inept and there are strong links to the drug trafficking trade, en route to Mexico City. On December 30, , the newly-formed National Guard took over police functions in Cuernavaca, Jiutepec, and Yautepec.
Starting January 1, , three new municipios were created in Morelos: Xoxocotla ; Hueyapan ; and Coatetelco. All three are Indigenous communities that will have increased autonomy. Morelos was hit by two strong earthquakes in September On September 7, the Chiapas earthquake did some serious shaking in Morelos although no physical damage or injuries were reported in Morelos.
The second, on September 19, was disastrous in Morelos. The epicenter was 12 kilometers southeast of Axochiapan, at a depth of 57 kilometers. Over a year later, people in Jojutla were still homeless. It was the largest city of the Tlahuicas and originally called Cuauhnahuac, but the Spanish could not pronounce this and modified it to the current name.
Morelos - Wikipedia
Morelos, most of which is between 1, and 3, meters 2,—9, feet above sea level, has a very diverse topography: From this point south, the state gradually slopes downward, interrupted by the Tlaltizapan and Yautepec mountains in the center of the state and the Huautla mountains in the south. The climate and vegetation varies from alpine meadows in the highest elevations near Popocatepetl to lowland rainforest in the south.
The climates can be further subdivided: This area presents mostly subtropical rainforest type vegetation. Average temperature varies between 18 and 22 degrees Celsius, with rains in the summer and a dry season in the winter. This area has an average temperature of between 10 and 15 degrees Celsius, with mixed forests of pine and holm oak.
This area has pine forests and some alpine meadows. The coldest climate is found in the upper parts of Popocatepetl that belong to the state. Average temperature here is less than 5 degrees Celsius with frequent freezes. Most of the vegetation is alpine meadow or moss. The natural resources of the state have been taken advantage of for centuries and have suffered changes as a consequence, especially in landscapes, water sources, flora and fauna. This change accelerates as the population grows.
It is one of Mexico's largest national parks, located on the southern flank of the Sierra Madre mountains. The park had five mountain-fed lakes and abundant wildlife when the park was established in This park is being stressed due to illegal logging , with subsequent soil erosion and water from its last dark blue lake to drainage.
Much of this drainage is to provide water to Cuernavaca, whose population uses liters of water per day per person, twice that of Mexico City. Much of the state's ecological woes stem from the housing explosion, which is mostly centered in the capital of Cuernavaca, but it is a problem in places such as Cuautla as well. They also claim that it is hurting much of the state's ecosystem and water supply. Mexico is located near the North American, Pacific, Cocos, Rivera, and Caribbean Tectonic Plates, making the country highly susceptible to earthquakes.
Morelos is the second-smallest state and ranks 24 out of 31 states in population, with 1. However, it is ranked third in population density after Mexico City and the State of Mexico. The most heavily populated area of the state is the city of Cuernavaca and its metropolitan area, with Much of this growth has been in the main cities of Cuernavaca, Cuautla, Ayala and Yautepec. Population growth has also put strain on infrastructure such as water, sewer, potable water, electricity, roads and schools.