Although these issues exist among people who are non-heterosexual , discussion about their causes shifted after homosexuality was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM in Instead, social ostracism, legal discrimination, internalization of negative stereotypes, and limited support structures indicate factors homosexual people face in Western societies that often adversely affect their mental health.
Gay and lesbian youth bear an increased risk of suicide, substance abuse, school problems, and isolation because of a "hostile and condemning environment, verbal and physical abuse, rejection and isolation from family and peers". Suggested reasons for this disparity are that 1 LGBT youths may be specifically targeted on the basis of their perceived sexual orientation or gender non-conforming appearance, and 2 that "risk factors associated with sexual minority status, including discrimination, invisibility, and rejection by family members Higher rates of family rejection were significantly associated with poorer health outcomes.
On the basis of odds ratios, lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults who reported higher levels of family rejection during adolescence were 8. Crisis centers in larger cities and information sites on the Internet have arisen to help youth and adults. Most nations do not prohibit consensual sex between unrelated persons above the local age of consent. Some jurisdictions further recognize identical rights, protections, and privileges for the family structures of same-sex couples, including marriage.
Some countries and jurisdictions mandate that all individuals restrict themselves to heterosexual activity and disallow homosexual activity via sodomy laws. Offenders can face the death penalty in Islamic countries and jurisdictions ruled by sharia. There are, however, often significant differences between official policy and real-world enforcement.
Although homosexual acts were decriminalized in some parts of the Western world , such as Poland in , Denmark in , Sweden in , and the England and Wales in , it was not until the mids that the gay community first began to achieve limited civil rights in some developed countries. During the s and s, most developed countries enacted laws decriminalizing homosexual behavior and prohibiting discrimination against lesbian and gay people in employment, housing, and services.
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On the other hand, many countries today in the Middle East and Africa, as well as several countries in Asia, the Caribbean and the South Pacific, outlaw homosexuality. In , the Supreme Court of India upheld Section of the Indian Penal Code , [] but, in , overturned itself and legalized homosexual activity throughout India.
In the European Union , discrimination of any type based on sexual orientation or gender identity is illegal under the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Since the s, many LGBT people in the West, particularly those in major metropolitan areas, have developed a so-called gay culture. To many, [ who? Yet not all LGBT people choose to participate in "queer culture", and many gay men and women specifically decline to do so. To some [ who? With the outbreak of AIDS in the early s, many LGBT groups and individuals organized campaigns to promote efforts in AIDS education, prevention, research, patient support, and community outreach, as well as to demand government support for these programs.
The death toll wrought by the AIDS epidemic at first seemed to slow the progress of the gay rights movement, but in time it galvanized some parts of the LGBT community into community service and political action, and challenged the heterosexual community to respond compassionately. Stories from the Quilt Publicly gay politicians have attained numerous government posts, even in countries that had sodomy laws in their recent past.
LGBT movements are opposed by a variety of individuals and organizations. Some social conservatives believe that all sexual relationships with people other than an opposite-sex spouse undermine the traditional family [] and that children should be reared in homes with both a father and a mother. Policies and attitudes toward gay and lesbian military personnel vary widely around the world. Some countries allow gay men, lesbians, and bisexual people to serve openly and have granted them the same rights and privileges as their heterosexual counterparts.
Many countries neither ban nor support LGB service members. A few countries continue to ban homosexual personnel outright. Most Western military forces have removed policies excluding sexual minority members. Of the 26 countries that participate militarily in NATO , more than 20 permit openly gay, lesbian and bisexual people to serve. The other two generally do not: China bans gay and lesbian people outright, Russia excludes all gay and lesbian people during peacetime but allows some gay men to serve in wartime see below.
Israel is the only country in the Middle East region that allows openly LGB people to serve in the military. While the question of homosexuality in the military has been highly politicized in the United States, it is not necessarily so in many countries. Generally speaking, sexuality in these cultures is considered a more personal aspect of one's identity than it is in the United States.
According to American Psychological Association , empirical evidence fails to show that sexual orientation is germane to any aspect of military effectiveness including unit cohesion , morale, recruitment and retention. Societal acceptance of non-heterosexual orientations such as homosexuality is lowest in Asian and African countries, and is highest in Europe, Australia, and the Americas.
Western society has become increasingly accepting of homosexuality since the s.
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In , Professor Amy Adamczyk contended that these cross-national differences in acceptance can be largely explained by three factors: The institution of marriage offers social, psychological, and health benefits that are denied to same-sex couples. By denying same-sex couples the right to marry, the state reinforces and perpetuates the stigma historically associated with homosexuality. Homosexuality remains stigmatized, and this stigma has negative consequences.
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California's prohibition on marriage for same-sex couples reflects and reinforces this stigma". They concluded: Though the relationship between homosexuality and religion is complex, current authoritative bodies and doctrines of the world's largest religions view homosexual behaviour negatively. This can range from quietly discouraging homosexual activity, to explicitly forbidding same-sex sexual practices among adherents and actively opposing social acceptance of homosexuality.
What it means to be gay in rural India - BBC News
Some teach that homosexual desire itself is sinful, [] others state that only the sexual act is a sin, [] others are completely accepting of gays and lesbians , [] while some encourage homosexuality. On the other hand, voices exist within many of these religions that view homosexuality more positively, and liberal religious denominations may bless same-sex marriages.
Some view same-sex love and sexuality as sacred, and a mythology of same-sex love can be found around the world. Gay bullying can be the verbal or physical abuse against a person who is perceived by the aggressor to be lesbian , gay , bisexual or transgender, including persons who are actually heterosexual or of non-specific or unknown sexual orientation.
In the US, teenage students heard anti-gay slurs such as "homo", "faggot" and "sissy" about 26 times a day on average, or once every 14 minutes, according to a study by Mental Health America formerly National Mental Health Association. In many cultures, homosexual people are frequently subject to prejudice and discrimination. These attitudes tend to be due to forms of homophobia and heterosexism negative attitudes , bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. Heterosexism can include the presumption that everyone is heterosexual or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the norm and therefore superior.
Homophobia is a fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexual people. It manifests in different forms, and a number of different types have been postulated, among which are internalized homophobia, social homophobia, emotional homophobia, rationalized homophobia, and others. When such attitudes manifest as crimes they are often called hate crimes and gay bashing.
Homosexuality
Negative stereotypes characterize LGB people as less romantically stable, more promiscuous and more likely to abuse children, but there is no scientific basis to such assertions. Gay men and lesbians form stable, committed relationships that are equivalent to heterosexual relationships in essential respects. LGBT people, especially lesbians, may become the victims of " corrective rape ", a violent crime with the supposed aim of making them heterosexual.
In certain parts of the world, LGBT people are also at risk of " honor killings " perpetrated by their families or relatives. Homosexual and bisexual behaviors occur in a number of other animal species. Such behaviors include sexual activity , courtship , affection , pair bonding , and parenting , [17] and are widespread; a review by researcher Bruce Bagemihl shows that homosexual behavior has been documented in about species, ranging from primates to gut worms.
The motivations for and implications of these behaviors have yet to be fully understood, since most species have yet to be fully studied.
A review paper by N. Bailey and Marlene Zuk looking into studies of same-sex sexual behaviour in animals challenges the view that such behaviour lowers reproductive success, citing several hypotheses about how same-sex sexual behavior might be adaptive; these hypotheses vary greatly among different species.
Bailey and Zuk also suggest future research needs to look into evolutionary consequences of same-sex sexual behaviour, rather than only looking into origins of such behaviour. LGBT culture. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about homosexuality in humans.
For homosexuality in other animals, see Homosexual behavior in animals. Sexual orientation. Social attitudes. Prejudice , violence. Academic fields and discourse. Queer studies Lesbian feminism Queer theory Transfeminism Lavender linguistics. Main article: Terminology of homosexuality.
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Main articles: See also: Homosexuality in ancient Egypt. Homosexuality in ancient Peru. Further information: Judaism and sexual orientation and Homosexuality in the bible. Sexual orientation identity and Sexual fluidity. Same-sex relationship. Coming out. Demographics of sexual orientation.
Sexual health
Homosexuality and psychology. Biology and sexual orientation and Environment and sexual orientation. Sexual orientation change efforts. LGBT parenting. LGBT adoption. Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral. Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral, except for blood transfusions 1.