Photos Add Image.
Navigation menu
Edit Cast Episode cast overview, first billed only: Ellen Pompeo Meredith Grey Sandra Oh Cristina Yang Katherine Heigl Izzie Stevens Justin Chambers Alex Karev T. George O'Malley Chandra Wilson Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr.
Richard Webber Sara Ramirez Callie Torres Eric Dane Mark Sloan Chyler Leigh Lexie Grey Brooke Smith Erica Hahn Patrick Dempsey Derek Shepherd Amy Madigan Katharine Wyatt Lauren Stamile Nurse Rose John M. Edit Storyline The new clinical trial patient has a secret, Yang is dealt a blow from a distance by Burke, the nurses refuse to work with Sloan, and Meredith's therapist tells her some home truths.
Plot Keywords: Parents Guide: Edit Details Language: Release Date: Filming Locations: Production Co: Sound Mix: Edit Did You Know? Trivia In the scene where Mark Sloan is entering the elevator with Callie and Erica it is visible that he does not press the button but merely pretends to. More recently, there has been a shift in the popular and scientific discourse on the mental health of lesbians and gay men. Gay-affirmative advocates have begun to advance a minority stress hypothesis, claiming that discriminatory social conditions lead to poor health outcomes Dean et al.
The articles were accompanied by three editorials Bailey, ; Friedman, ; Remafedi, All three editorials suggested that homophobia and adverse social conditions are a primary risk for mental health problems of LGB people. This shift in discourse is also reflected in the gay-affirmative popular media. To assess evidence for the minority stress hypothesis from between-groups studies, I examined data on prevalences of mental disorders in LGB versus heterosexual populations. The minority stress hypothesis leads to the prediction that LGB individuals would have higher prevalences of mental disorder because they are exposed to greater social stress.
To the extent that social stress causes psychiatric disorder, the excess in risk exposure would lead to excess in morbidity Dohrenwend, I included studies if they were published in an English-language peer-reviewed journal, reported prevalences of diagnosed psychiatric disorders that were based on research diagnostic criteria e. Studies that reported scores on scales of psychiatric symptoms e. Selecting studies for review can present problems—studies reporting statistically significant results are typically more likely to be published than studies with nonsignificant results.
This can result in publication bias, which overestimates the effects in the research synthesis Begg, There are some reasons to suspect that publication bias is not a great threat to the present analysis. First, Begg noted that publication bias is more of a concern in instances in which numerous small studies are being conducted. This is clearly not the case with regard to population surveys of LGB individuals and the mental health outcomes as defined here—the studies I rely on are few and large.
This is, in part, because of the great costs involved in sampling LGB people and, in part, because the area has not been extensively studied since the declassification of homosexuality as a mental disorder. In the area of LGB mental health, showing nonsignificant results—that LGBs do not have higher prevalences of mental disorders—would have provided as much a proof of a theory as showing significant results; therefore, bias toward publication of positive results is unlikely.
In reviewing the data I consider classes of mental disorders that are commonly discussed in the psychiatric epidemiology literature Kessler et al. Consistent with this literature, I consider separately prevalence of lifetime disorders, those occurring at any time over the lifetime, and prevalence of current disorders, typically those occurring in 1-year period. I examine the prevalence of any mental disorder and the prevalences of general subclasses of disorders, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders.
The inclusion of only major classes of disorders allows for greater parsimony in interpreting the results than would be allowed by an examination of each individual disorder. It is a sufficient test of the minority stress hypothesis because minority stress predictions are general and uniform across types of disorders. The included disorders are those that are most prevalent in population samples and that are most often the subject of psychiatric epidemiological studies.
Excluded disorders were rarely if ever studied in population samples of LGB individuals, so their exclusion does not lead to bias in selection of available literature. The classes of disorders excluded were disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence; delirium, dementia, and amnestic and other cognitive disorders; mental disorders due to a general medical condition; schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders; somatoform disorders; factitious disorders; dissociative disorders; sexual and gender identity disorders; eating disorders; sleep disorders; impulse-control disorders; adjustment disorders; and personality disorders.
The studies Atkinson et al. In drawing a conclusion about whether LGB groups have higher prevalences of mental disorders one should proceed with caution.
George O'Malley
The studies are few, methodologies and measurements are inconsistent, and trends in the findings are not always easy to interpret. Although several studies show significant elevation in prevalences of disorders in LGB people, some do not. Yet, an overall trend appears clear. This pattern must lead us to conclude similarly to Saghir et al. Prevalence of Mental Disorders: ORs are adjusted for various control variables when provided in the original article.
Keep track of who is sleeping with whom
This procedure provides a M-H weighted odds ratio OR and confidence intervals CIs on aggregates of individual studies. For each class of disorder I calculated the M-H weighted OR from studies that provided relevant data. In addition, I conducted stratified analyses that combined results for a men versus women and b studies that used nonrandom versus random sampling techniques. The analyses provided M-H weighted ORs for each stratum.
- craigxxx gay escort columbus ohio;
- gay cruising nyc 2020;
- Miranda Bailey!
- manhunt gay dating chat and hook up;
The results of this meta-analysis for prevalences of lifetime and current disorders are shown in Figure 2 ; they affirm the impression given by an examination of Table 1. The results are compelling for all disorders, for each of the subclasses of disorders examined, and for lifetime and current disorders. For example, for the five studies providing data on any lifetime mental disorders, the combined M-H weighted OR was 2. This indicates that compared with heterosexual men and women, gay men and lesbians are about 2. The analyses that stratified the observations by gender showed no divergence from the results of the unstratified analyses.
The results on prevalences of current disorders were similar, but they showed that for substance use disorders, the combined M-H weighted OR for men 1.
List of Grey's Anatomy characters - Wikipedia
Odds ratios were recalculated from aggregated data using the Statcalc procedure of the statistical software Epi Info Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, This procedure does not adjust for demographics characteristics or any other control variables e. These statistics are provided to allow synthesis of the risk for lesbian, gay, and bisexual versus heterosexual respondents in the studies, but they cannot be used as accurate estimates of adjusted population odds ratios. Results of the analyses that stratified the observations on lifetime prevalences of disorders by randomization in sampling design are presented in Figure 3.
They show that for mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders, an increase in risk to the LGB group is evident in the randomized studies only. These analyses could not be conducted for current prevalences of disorder because an insufficient number of nonrandomized studies provided such data. Whether gay men have higher prevalence of suicidal behavior has also been debated in recent years. Some reviewers have contended that suicide is highly prevalent among LGB populations, especially youth Gibson, However, such studies have been criticized for severe methodological limitations including selection bias and measurement issues Muehrer, ; Savin-Williams, For example, many studies used samples of youth recruited from social service organizations, who may be more vulnerable than the general population of LGB youth to mental health problems Muehrer, More recently, studies that used improved methodologies, such as random probability sampling, clearer definitions, and improved measurements of suicidality, also found strong evidence for elevation in suicide-related problems among LGB persons.
A higher risk for suicide ideation and attempts among LGB groups seems to start at least as early as high school. For example, in a representative sample of Massachusetts high school students, Garofalo et al. When stratified by gender, sexual orientation was an independent predictor of suicide attempts among boys but not girls. A cohort study in New Zealand found that LGB youth were five to six times more likely than heterosexual youth to report suicide ideation and attempts over their lifetime Fergusson et al.
A study of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry used particularly convincing methodology to study differences in suicidality between twins Herrell et al.
- Sofia Vergara (Gloria Pritchett)!
- Miranda Bailey!
- dating a man who used to be gay;
- The Stress Concept!
- john magnum gay escort;
- The Becoming!
Taken together, the evidence from these studies supports the minority stress hypothesis that LGB populations are vulnerable to suicide ideation and attempt—although the evidence on adult lesbian and bisexual women is not as clear. Also not clear from studies of suicide ideation and attempt is whether LGB persons are at higher risk for suicide-related mortality. Suicide attempts and ideation are alarming in their own right, but their relationship to completed suicide is not straightforward; for example, not all attempters do so with the intent to die or injure themselves severely enough to cause death Moscicki, Nevertheless, regardless of its relationship to completed suicide, suicide ideation and attempt is a serious personal and public health concern that need to be studied for its own merit Moscicki, ; Moscicki et al.
These studies assessed the prevalence of homosexuality among completed suicides and found no overrepresentation of gay and bisexual men, concluding that LGB populations are not at increased risk for suicide. Thus, findings from studies of completed suicides are inconsistent with studies finding that LGB groups are at higher risk of suicide ideation and attempts than heterosexuals. Among these difficulties are that a these studies attempt to answer whether gay individuals are overrepresented in suicide deaths by comparing it against an expected population prevalence of homosexuality, but with no proper population data on LGB individuals, it is a matter of some conjunction to arrive at any such estimate and b because these studies rely on postmortem classification of sexual orientation, their reliability in assessing prevalence of gay individuals among suicide deaths is questionable.
Even if the deceased person was gay, postmortem autopsies are likely to underestimate his or her homosexuality because homosexuality is easily concealable and often is concealed. Considering the scarcity of studies, the methodological challenges, and the greater potential for bias in studies of completed suicide, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions from their apparent refutation of minority stress theory. The evidence is compelling. However, the answer is complicated because of methodological limitations in the available studies. The studies whose evidence I have relied on discussed as between-groups studies fall into two categories: It is plausible that interest in the study topic attracts volunteers who are more likely to have had—or at least, to disclose—more mental health problems than nonvolunteers.
This may be particularly problematic in studies of LGB youth e. Also, the studies I reviewed compared the LGB group with a nonrandom sample of heterosexuals, introducing further bias, because the methods they used to sample heterosexuals often differed from those used to sample than the LGB groups.